Confounding

Controlled experiment comparing variants by random assignment to estimate causal effects of changes.

Human or automated process of assigning targets; quality, consistency, and guidelines matter heavily.

Measure of consistency across labelers; low agreement indicates ambiguous tasks or poor guidelines.

Selecting the most informative samples to label (e.g., uncertainty sampling) to reduce labeling cost.

Studying internal mechanisms or input influence on outputs (e.g., saliency maps, SHAP, attention analysis).

Feature attribution method grounded in cooperative game theory for explaining predictions in tabular settings.

Local surrogate explanation method approximating model behavior near a specific input.

Framework for reasoning about cause-effect relationships beyond correlation, often using structural assumptions and e...